Oil processing

Oil processing is a large part of Factorio. Oil processing may refer to the researched technology, the recipe used in the oil refinery, or the overall workings of oil.

Overview

There are various recipes that can be used to process crude oil into its fractions. Its fraction (heavy oil, light oil and petroleum gas) can also be cracked into each other. Their recipes and technology requirements can be seen below.

Process	Input	Output	Machine	Required technology	Internal name
Basic oil processing	5 + 100	45		Oil processing	basic-oil-processing
Advanced oil processing	5 + 100 + 50	25 + 45 + 55		Advanced oil processing	advanced-oil-processing
Heavy oil cracking	2 + 40 + 30	30		Advanced oil processing	heavy-oil-cracking
Light oil cracking	2 + 30 + 30	20		Advanced oil processing	light-oil-cracking
Simple coal liquefaction	5 + 10 + 2 + 25	50		Calcite processing	simple-coal-liquefaction
Coal liquefaction	5 + 10 + 25 + 50	90 + 20 + 10		Coal liquefaction	coal-liquefaction

Setting up oil processing

Pumpjacks need to be placed on top of the middle of the oil well, which is highlighted with a green box when the pumpjack is held. Pumpjacks produce a certain amount of Crude oil per second, shown on the right, at the bottom of the information panel.

Crude oil must be refined in an oil refinery. The oil refinery needs to have a recipe set (see above for available recipes). Once it is set and "alt-mode" is active, the input and output locations and the expected fluids are shown. The locations of these cannot be changed, only the entire machine can be rotated.

Advanced oil processing and coal liquefaction produce multiple fluids: heavy oil, light oil and petroleum gas. The refinery will stop production of all products if one product output is full, so it should be ensured that the products are transported out of the refinery; any products that cannot be used should be (temporarily) stored in a storage tank. Furthermore, both heavy oil and light oil can be cracked to the next lower type in a chemical plant (recipe above). This is useful if the player has an abundance of one product, but is lacking another (a common problem).

Tips

• The circuit network can be used to easily control how much fluid gets used for each recipe, to ensure that the player always has enough. For examples on how to do this, see the circuit-network cookbook.
• If you run your heavy oil pipe from the refineries past a lubricant-making chemical plant before sending it to the cracking chemical plants, you can be sure that the lubricant production will have priority over cracking.
• Solid fuel is most efficient when created from light oil. If the player has too much heavy oil, cracking it to light oil then making it into fuel is more efficient than making heavy oil into fuel directly.

Coal Liquefaction

Once coal liquefaction is researched, the player can manufacture oil products anywhere without a need for crude oil: the player can set up an oil refinery to utilize coal liquefaction and use an assembling machine and barrels to manually insert a small amount of heavy oil into the system to initiate production. As long as the heavy oil output is routed back into the refinery before being sent anywhere else, the refinery will be self-sustaining in terms of heavy oil, only requiring steam and coal to run. To prevent fluid back-up, the player will need to ensure all output fluids are being consumed or stored somehow.

While a single refinery using this set-up this will not produce a large amount of oil products overall, the fact it does not require crude oil to run means it can be placed anywhere the player needs a small, steady supply of oil products, saving the need to transport oil over large distances by pipes or trains. Such uses include:

• A refueling outpost that produces solid fuel and/or rocket fuel.
• A defensive outpost that uses oil to fuel flamethrower turrets.
• With a supply of iron ore, this set-up can produce sulfuric acid, allowing the mining of uranium ore.
• A supply of iron ore also allows the manufacture of ammunition: cluster grenades, land mines, and cannon shells.
• With a supply of both iron ore and copper ore, rockets and artillery shells can be manufactured, as well as all capsules.

More broadly, a sufficiently large network of refineries utilizing coal liquefaction could produce enough oil products to run the player's factory without a need for crude oil anymore, allowing much more flexibility in the layout and placement of facilities that require oil products to function. The downside of relying entirely on coal liquefaction are an overall slightly lower output of oil products compared to advanced oil processing, a need for more chemical plants to crack the large amounts of heavy oil produced, and the system will shut down entirely if its supply of coal or steam runs out.

Space Age introduces a second liquefaction recipe: simple coal liquefaction. This process uses coal, calcite, and sulfuric acid, generating only heavy oil. Through cracking, it can be used to make other oil products. On Vulcanus, it is useful when starting out, as standard coal liquefaction must be researched. It can also be used to bootstrap standard liquefaction, providing the initial heavy oil.

Though less efficient than standard liquefaction, it does have two potential advantages. Steam is much harder to get on Space platforms than sulfuric acid or calcite. The only way to make steam on a platform is with a nuclear reactor, which requires fuel from Nauvis. By contrast, sulfuric acid, coal, and calcite can all be manufactured or mined from asteroids.

The other advantage is that the recipe can produce only lubricant without any of the other oil processing byproducts.

Transporting fluids

There are many ways to move fluids in Factorio, they are listed below:

• Pipes
• Fluid wagons
• Loading the fluids into Barrels and transporting them by Railway, Transport belts, or the Logistic network

Optimal Ratios

The optimal ratio is the ratio of production that ensures no waste of time or materials.

Petroleum gas production

For producing petroleum gas, the optimal advanced oil processing ratio is 20:5:17 (advanced oil processing : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 8:2:7 is close enough. Using coal liquefaction, the ratio is 60:39:55 (coal liquefaction : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 12:8:11 is close enough.

One refinery running basic oil processing produces 9 petroleum gas per second. One refinery running advanced oil processing combined with one of each oil cracking chemical plant produces 19.5 petroleum gas per second in total. One refinery running coal liquefaction combined with one of each oil cracking chemical plant produces close to 11.2 petroleum gas per second in total (taking into consideration the recycling of the heavy oil).

The refining can be sped up with modules; to prevent jams or inactive buildings it is recommended to speed everything up evenly. When slowing the process down (by using productivity modules) you are better off experimenting on altering the ratio or the speed on certain buildings, since the default ratios given above only hold if all the structures involved run at the same speed and have 100% productivity (in other words, no bonuses).

Petroleum production output with modules
Module configuration	None	Config 1 (*)	Config 2	Units
Oil refinery
Crude oil consumption	100	100	100
Water consumption	50	50	50
Crafting speed	5	5	5	s / final item
Heavy oil output	25	25	25
Light oil output	45	45	45
Petroleum output	55	55	55
Base machine crafting speed	1	1	1	crafts / s
Crafting speed multiplier	100%	455%	855%
Output multiplier	100%	130%	130%	final items
Total Crude oil consumption	20	91	171	per second
Total Water consumption	10	45.5	85.5	per second
Total Heavy oil output	5	29.575	55.575	per second
Total Light oil output	9	53.235	100.035	per second
Total Petroleum output	11	65.065	122.265	per second
Heavy oil cracking
Heavy oil consumption	40	40	40
Water consumption	30	30	30
Crafting speed	2	2	2	s / final item
Light oil output	30	30	30
Base machine crafting speed	1	1	1	crafts / s
Crafting speed multiplier	100%	455%	655%
Output multiplier	100%	130%	130%	final items
Total Heavy oil consumption	20	91	131	per second
Total Water consumption	15	68.25	98.25	per second
Total Light oil output	15	88.725	127.725	per second
Light oil cracking
Light oil consumption	30	30	30
Water consumption	30	30	30
Crafting speed	2	2	2	s / final item
Petroleum output	20	20	20
Base machine crafting speed	1	1	1	crafts / s
Crafting speed multiplier	100%	455%	655%
Output multiplier	100%	130%	130%	final items
Total Light oil consumption	15	68.25	98.25	per second
Total Water consumption	15	68.25	98.25	per second
Total Petroleum output	10	59.15	85.15	per second
Ratio
Heavy oil cracking	0.25	0.325	0.424
Light oil cracking	0.85	1.2025	1.57
Petroleum gas output	19.5	136.193	255.923	per second
* Notes to table: Config 1 is 3 Productivity modules 3 in each production building and 8 Beacons with 2 Speed modules 3 each in range of each production building. Config 2 is 3 Productivity modules 3 in each production building and the highest achievable number of Beacons (16 for Refinery, 12 for Chemical plant) with 2 Speed modules 3 each in range of each prod. building.

For config 2 in the above (possibly collapsed) table, a good enough ratio is 7:3:11, and the next ratio that is better is 165:70:259. The optimal ratio involves over 50000 refineries, and so is practically useless. But, for reference, it's 52400:22230:82251.

History

• 0.17.60:
  • Basic oil processing produces only petroleum gas.

• 0.17.0:
  • Coal liquefaction now produces 90 heavy oil, 20 light oil and 10 petroleum gas, consuming 25 heavy oil, 10 coal and 50 steam.

• 0.15.0:
  • Added coal liquefaction oil processing recipe.

• 0.9.1:
  • Added heavy oil cracking and light oil cracking.

• 0.9.0:
  • Introduced
    • Basic oil processing
    • Advanced oil processing

See also

• Fluid system
• Crude oil
• Barrel