Tutorial:Nuclear power
核能发电是 0.15 版本引入的重要特性。与太阳能板和蒸汽机发电相比，它需要更高的科技等级。同时它也提供了更高的电力输出。与其它方式相比，核能是游戏中/后期电力生产的更好的解决方案。
本文讲解了核能发电如何工作，而非完整解决方案。主要聚焦在为使核能工作，要做的和要知道的事。不会告诉你怎么做，或是如何解决这个问题。
起步
- 前置科技: 核能
- 你可以及早开采铀矿，但你还需要其它核能科技，才能做后续工作。
铀矿
你首先需要铀矿。它有绿色光晕，所以你该不会认错。它的储量较小，你可能得多找一些。
像游戏中其它矿产一样，你可以用电力采矿机开采它。然而区别于其它矿产，你只能用电力采矿机开采。你还得为矿机供给硫酸。矿机本身会传递过剩的酸液，这样一排矿机可以从一侧供给。
- 混合矿: 只要矿机覆盖区域中有一小块铀矿，就必须给矿机提供酸液，否则矿机遇到铀矿就会停工。和其它情况一样，矿机会产出混合的矿产。
铀浓缩处理
一旦你获得了铀矿石，你就需要在离心机中把它处理成铀-235和铀-238。
在无插件加成的离心机中，每 13.3 秒处理一个矿石。
离心机中出产铀-235（浅绿色）和铀-238（暗绿色）。每处理 10 块矿石，会按一定概率出产两种产物之一。平均每处理 1 万块矿石，你可以预期获得：
| 数量 | 产物 |
|---|---|
| 7 | U-235 |
| 993 | U-238 |
这就是说你差不多可以每加工143个矿石取得一个铀235，也就是说一台工作的离心机平均每1904秒产生一个铀235。后期拥有铀增殖后这就不太重要了，但是前期这的确是一个瓶颈。That means you can roughly expect to get a single U-235 in one out of every 143 ore. A centrifuge can then be expected to produce U-235 every 1904 seconds. Later on, this won't matter so much. However, when you first start out, this will be an important bottleneck.
- 关于平均: 注意，到底有没有产出铀235是随机的，这个数值是根据概率得出的长时间工作的平均值，所以实际上或许你半天也等不到一个，也可能一小会儿出一大堆。虽然后期有铀增殖后这就无所谓了，但是初期你要确保你的总产率够高或者有足够的库存维持反应堆运行，因为没人知道下一个抽到底出不出货。Be aware, random is random. These values are average values. Which means that over the long term, they work out to about these figures. In reality, you'll see long stretches with no U-235 and short stretches with lots of them. Eventually, it won't matter much. But early on, make sure your generation rate is sufficiently high, or you have a sufficient reserve, so you don't find yourself without power when you hit an unlucky stretch.
燃料
想要把铀放在反应堆里烧你需要把它们制成铀燃料棒来使用。用一台组装机2可以每13.3秒制作一个，不过这点生产时间没关系因为相比之下这不会成为一个生产瓶颈。Before you can burn it in a nuclear reactor, you need to create uranium fuel cells. You'll probably be using an assembling machine 2, so these will take 13.3 seconds to create as well. Which is fine because fuel cell creation will very rarely be the bottleneck.
别把所有的铀235都制成燃料棒，只制作一点能够维持反应堆运行的燃料就够了，因为你研究了铀增殖处理后你会需要一大堆(40个)铀235来开启铀235的自我增殖循环。You won't want to automatically convert all U-235 into fuel. Only convert what you need to fill your reactor. You're going to want a big fat stockpile of it when you research kovarex enrichment later on.
制作一次生产的是10个燃料棒，花费1个铀235，19个铀238和10个铁板板。Fuel cells are produced in stacks of 10, and to produce one such stack you need 1 U-235, 19 U-238, and 10 iron plate.
- Tips: 生产燃料棒铁板需求很少，所以在机器边上放一箱子铁板就够了而不需要用传送带供给，对于这种小量供给以后你可以用物流机器人+需求箱实现自动化It isn't a bad idea to use a chest and just stick a pile of iron in it rather than belting the iron in. A full chest of iron probably won't run out before you get bots and replace it with a requester.
每个燃料棒含能量8GJ，但是有反应堆相邻加成之后会比这高得多(后面会讲)Each fuel cell has a nominal energy value of 8 GJ, but it's possible to make them go even farther with reactor neighbor bonuses (more on that later).
核反应堆
有了燃料之后当然要在反应堆里烧才能变成电能。Once you've got fuel, you'll need to burn it in a nuclear reactor. This is the first step toward turning it into usable energy.
1台反应堆会产生40MW(4000万瓦)的热能，1瓦特=1焦耳每秒，所以反应堆每200秒消耗一个燃料棒。(8GJ/40MW=200s) A reactor will produce exactly 40 MW of heat energy. Since a Watt is a Joule per second, this means the reactor will consume one fuel cell every 200 seconds.
燃料棒用尽之后，反应堆里会出来乏燃料棒需要你取出来，初期没啥用堆在箱子里就行了，后期研究了乏燃料后处理之后可以把它们重制成铀238。Once expended, reactors will produce a "used up uranium fuel cell", which will need to be cleared. Initially, these will simply accumulate in a chest. Eventually, you can reprocess them into U-238.
- 反过来计算: 每个燃料棒维持200秒，而每个铀235能做10个燃料棒，也就是一共2000秒的反应堆发电，而上面提到那每个离心机平均1904秒生产一个铀235，所以你每有一个反应堆你就肯定至少需要一台持续工作的离心机离心铀矿石。A reactor consumes a fuel cell every 200 seconds and each U-235 gives 10 fuel cells, so every U-235 provides 2000 seconds of reactor power. A centrifuge requires about 1904 seconds to produce a U-235, so you'll need about one processing centrifuges per reactor.
反应堆只产生热能(花式烧热水)，而热能需要用热管导出，传导到换热器里烧热水用，当然你也可以直接把换热器挨着反应堆摆放。The reactor needs input of fuel and produces heat that needs to be exported using heat pipes that go to a heat exchanger (unless a heat exchanger is attached to the reactor).
换热器
The heat exchanger takes heat and uses it to convert water into steam. It works much like the boiler, but instead of burning fuel, you need to connect it to a heat source. The heat input is marked by a flame when you're placing it.
For simple reactor designs, you can connect it directly to your reactor (which produces heat at points also marked with a flame).
Heat exchangers also require water input, in precisely the way boilers do. They can heat up to 103.09 units/second of water into 500°C steam.
Heat exchangers produce nothing when they are below 500°C. Since they only cool as a consequence of heating water, they will never cool to below that temperature once they've reached it.
Heat exchangers transfer 10 MW of power, so you'll need 4 exchangers to fully consume the power produced by a lone reactor. (Neighbor bonuses can increase this significantly. Again, discussed later.)
The steam can then be transported to the Steam turbine using normal Pipes
热管
More complex designs will require heat pipes. Heat pipes work much like regular pipes. Like regular pipes, they have limited throughput, which means that shorter pipes are better.
Connect heat pipes point to point, flame to flame, exactly as you would with water pipes. Heat pipes cannot go underground, so if water pipes need to cross them, the water pipe will need to go under. They don't block movement, though, so you can walk right over them.
Throughput on heat pipes is far more limited than regular pipes, in part because there is no analogous "Heat pump". Here are some rough limits on transfer distance:
| Power | Distance |
|---|---|
| 40 MW | ~140 |
| 80 MW | ~80 |
| 120 MW | ~55 |
| 160 MW | ~45 |
Past these distances, less than 100% of the power will be transferred. This is because at this distance, the maximum reactor temperature of 1000ºC is insufficient to heat the pipe to beyond 500ºC.
- Heat pipe storage: Heat pipes can store quite a bit of heat as well. A single heat pipe can hold as much energy as a tank with 5.1k steam in it, which makes them even more space efficient than tanks for holding energy (though considerably more expensive). Be cautious, however, with how slowly heat moves through the system. A reactor always burns fuel if provided but will never go above 1000 degrees. Insufficient heat pipes may not send enough heat to exchangers and will allow the reactor to hit 1000 degrees at which point fuel is being wasted - heat is going into nothing rather than exchangers.
汽轮机
These are the steam engine's beefy big brother. Using regular fluid pipes, you'll pipe the steam produced by heat exchangers into these turbines.
- Perfect matches: The steam turbine is a perfect match for the heat exchanger. The steam engine is a perfect match for the boiler. Although it is possible to get energy out of mismatched systems, it's very wasteful and there's no real reason to do it.
Steam turbines consume up to 60 units of steam/second, so you need roughly two steam turbines for every heat exchanger. At large scales, however, you can use fewer turbines, since exchangers only produce 103.09 steam/second. You'll require a separate pump for every 20 turbines.
简单生产条件
At this point, you have all the parts to build your very first reactor:
- A few uranium miners, supplied with sulfuric acid
- 1 Centrifuge, processing uranium ore
- 1 Assembling machine, making uranium fuel cells
- 1 Nuclear reactor
- 4 Heat exchangers, supplied by a single off-shore pump
- 8 Steam turbines
And, of course, assorted belts, inserters, filter inserters, and other tools for moving things around. This will produce a maximum of 40 MW of power.
进阶
Past your simplest reactor, there are some additional nuclear features of which you should be aware.
邻近加成
This is a critical part of how nuclear designs scale, but it's not complicated. Simply put:
Every reactor gets +100% heating power for every active neighboring reactor.
Neighbors have to align completely on each side, so reactors will line up in a nice square grid. When they do, the neighbor bonus is activated. You can see the current bonus by hovering over an active reactor.
The bonus to heating power does not increase the fuel consumption. Rather, it simply increases the heat produced!
This, of course, means you'll need more heat exchangers and steam turbines to turn that heat into electricity.
| Configuration | Reactors | Exchangers | Turbines | Power | Power per reactor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single | 1 | 4 | 7 | 40MW | 40MW |
| 2x1 | 2 | 16 | 28 | 160MW | 80MW |
| 2x2 | 4 | 48 | 83 | 480MW | 120MW |
| 2x3 | 6 | 80 | 138 | 800MW | 133MW |
How to count heat exchangers: Count the number of edges where reactors fully touch. Double that. Add the total number of reactors. Then multiply it all by 4. That's your count of Heat Exchangers. You'll need 1.718 turbines per exchanger (rounded up). Each exchanger will provide up to 10 MW of power.
常开!
Unlike every other power generation technique, nuclear reactors DO NOT scale down power usage. Nuclear reactors will continue consuming one fuel cell every 200 seconds, regardless of the need.
As the reactor consumes its fuel, it heats up to a maximum temperature of 1000°C. At that point, additional fuel burned is simply wasted. This is the only way to lose energy in the system as all heat transfers are perfectly efficient.
Turbines do scale their production (and steam consumption) to match demand. Likewise, exchangers won't consume heat if there's nowhere to put the steam.
- Turbines and engines: Be aware that steam turbines and steam engines are both the same "class" of energy producer, so they'll need to be scaled all together. This means that in a complete energy system, your coal boilers may be running when the nuclear plant could fully cover the load. And, worse yet, the nuclear power is just being wasted!
- Consider using accumulators, switches, and circuit logic to disable the coal boilers when nuclear systems can cover the demand.
The simplest solution to this problem is to just run the nuclear reactors part of the time. You can store steam in tanks. (And check out the "fill gauge"; the steam floats!) Since exchanges produce 120 steam/second and a tank holds 25k steam, a tank will keep 208 seconds worth of heat exchanger.
You can put a tank or two at the end of each heat exchanger and use circuit logic to only insert a fuel into the reactors when they get low. Make sure all exchangers are powered at the same time, or you won't get full neighbor bonuses. If you can't keep it from over-fueling, you can also add extra tanks to lengthen the cycle.
增殖
- Required technology: Kovarex enrichment process
- Kovarex Enrichment allows you to turn some U-238 into U-235, but it's slow and takes a lot of U-235 as catalyst.
Your first few patches of uranium ore will last you a reasonable length of time, but eventually you will start running out of ore and places to put extraneous U-238. Enrichment helps solve both problems.
The enrichment process takes about 67 seconds in an un-moduled centrifuge. It requires 40 U-235 (!) and 5 U-238 and makes 41 U-235 and 2 U-238. In effect, it takes 3 U-238 and turns it into 1 U-235; it just requires an extra 40 U-235 and 2 U-238 along for the ride to act as a catalyst.
- All the things!: Before you enrich all the things!, be aware that you do need 19 U-238 for each fuel cell, as well as requiring it for uranium ammo you will want for storing inside biters and their nests. Circuit logic can help you put a limiter on large-scale enrichment operations.
One Centrifuge enriching uranium is sufficient to supply 30 reactors with fuel, assuming plenty of U-238.
燃料再处理
- Required technology: Nuclear fuel reprocessing
- Reprocessing turns your spent fuel into U-238.
Eventually, you will run out of places to put spent fuel. You can use reprocessing to turn it back into U-238 to use for enrichment, fuel cells, or ammo. Of the 19 U-238 that go into each 10-pack of fuel cells, this returns 6. This significantly reduces the total ore requirement for nuclear fuel.
武器
- Required technology: Uranium ammo / Atomic bomb
- Better bullets / Bigger bombs
With the Nuclear Age comes nuclear weapons. Uranium ammunition is top-tier, especially when you load a tank with it. It mows down biter nests and clears swarms quite quickly. It uses U-238, so you've probably got plenty of it lying around.
On the other side, you can get atomic bombs, which are rockets (shot by a rocket launcher) that do incredible damage. Be aware, they can easily kill you if you fire them anywhere near you, and even at max range, it's advised that you run in the opposite direction. Rather than a single explosion, they do damage in an expanding ring, giving you time to escape. They require a lot of U-235 and blue chips, so they're an expensive weapon.
版本
This guide is compatible with Factorio 0.15.13. Newer versions may, and likely will, change many of the values and mechanics on which this guide depends.
- This guide was originally written by alficles and published on gist.
- License: CC BY-SA 4.0
- As an exception to the above, any or all of this work or adaptations thereof may be used on the official Factorio Wiki.