Kovarex enrichment process/zh - Revision history

Bilka: fixed link

2019-09-23T19:35:45Z

fixed link

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:35, 23 September 2019
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	== 你知道吗 ==		== 你知道吗 ==
	* 现实中并不存在{{Translation\|Kovarex enrichment process}}技术，其英文原文 Kovarex enrichment process 的命名来自与 [~~[development-~~team\|Michal Kovařík]]（英文）, 他是Wube公司的联合创始人，也是游戏的首席设计师，网名为''kovarex''。[https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/67bj3p/015_kovarex_uranium_enrichment_is_too_good_with/dgq2ij3/?context=1]（英文）		* 现实中并不存在{{Translation\|Kovarex enrichment process}}技术，其英文原文 Kovarex enrichment process 的命名来自与 [https://www.factorio.com/team Michal Kovařík]（英文）, 他是Wube公司的联合创始人，也是游戏的首席设计师，网名为''kovarex''。[https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/67bj3p/015_kovarex_uranium_enrichment_is_too_good_with/dgq2ij3/?context=1]（英文）
	* 现实世界中，[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-235 铀-235]是唯一可裂变的核元素，在天然铀中的丰度只有0.72%，另外的99.28%都是[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-238 铀-238]，游戏中的设计高度还原了这一点。通常使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/浓缩铀浓缩铀]技术来提高铀-235的浓度。		* 现实世界中，[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-235 铀-235]是唯一可裂变的核元素，在天然铀中的丰度只有0.72%，另外的99.28%都是[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-238 铀-238]，游戏中的设计高度还原了这一点。通常使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/浓缩铀浓缩铀]技术来提高铀-235的浓度。
	* 贫铀弹药是使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/贫铀贫铀]制成的，贫铀是铀浓缩的一种副产物，其成分大部分是铀-238，其中天然混杂的铀-235在浓缩过程中被进一步的去除。贫铀有着非常小的辐射量，被用于武器的主要原因是因为它具有超高的密度以及其他的机械特性，而非看中其辐射性和毒性。		* 贫铀弹药是使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/贫铀贫铀]制成的，贫铀是铀浓缩的一种副产物，其成分大部分是铀-238，其中天然混杂的铀-235在浓缩过程中被进一步的去除。贫铀有着非常小的辐射量，被用于武器的主要原因是因为它具有超高的密度以及其他的机械特性，而非看中其辐射性和毒性。

Kurax at 02:26, 18 July 2018

2018-07-18T02:26:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:26, 18 July 2018
Line 44:		Line 44:
	== 你知道吗 ==		== 你知道吗 ==
	* 现实中并不存在{{Translation\|Kovarex enrichment process}}技术，其英文原文 Kovarex enrichment process 的命名来自与 [[development-team\|Michal Kovařík]]（英文）, 他是Wube公司的联合创始人，也是游戏的首席设计师，网名为''kovarex''。[https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/67bj3p/015_kovarex_uranium_enrichment_is_too_good_with/dgq2ij3/?context=1]（英文）		* 现实中并不存在{{Translation\|Kovarex enrichment process}}技术，其英文原文 Kovarex enrichment process 的命名来自与 [[development-team\|Michal Kovařík]]（英文）, 他是Wube公司的联合创始人，也是游戏的首席设计师，网名为''kovarex''。[https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/67bj3p/015_kovarex_uranium_enrichment_is_too_good_with/dgq2ij3/?context=1]（英文）
	* 现实世界中，[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-235 铀-235]是唯一可裂变的核元素，在天然铀中的丰度只有0.72%，另外的99.28%都是[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-238 铀-238]~~，游戏中的设计高度还原了这一点。铀通常使用~~[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/浓缩铀浓缩铀]技术来提高铀-235的浓度。		* 现实世界中，[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-235 铀-235]是唯一可裂变的核元素，在天然铀中的丰度只有0.72%，另外的99.28%都是[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-238 铀-238]，游戏中的设计高度还原了这一点。通常使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/浓缩铀浓缩铀]技术来提高铀-235的浓度。
	* 贫铀弹药是使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/贫铀贫铀]制成的，贫铀是铀浓缩的一种副产物，其成分大部分是铀-238，其中天然混杂的铀-235在浓缩过程中被进一步的去除。贫铀有着非常小的辐射量，被用于武器的主要原因是因为它具有超高的密度以及其他的机械特性，而非看中其辐射性和毒性。		* 贫铀弹药是使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/贫铀贫铀]制成的，贫铀是铀浓缩的一种副产物，其成分大部分是铀-238，其中天然混杂的铀-235在浓缩过程中被进一步的去除。贫铀有着非常小的辐射量，被用于武器的主要原因是因为它具有超高的密度以及其他的机械特性，而非看中其辐射性和毒性。

Kurax: Kurax moved page User:Kurax/Kovarex enrichment process/zh to Kovarex enrichment process/zh without leaving a redirect: Finished Kovarex enrichment process/zh

2018-07-18T02:24:46Z

Kurax moved page User:Kurax/Kovarex enrichment process/zh to Kovarex enrichment process/zh without leaving a redirect: Finished Kovarex enrichment process/zh

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:24, 18 July 2018
(No difference)

Kurax at 02:23, 18 July 2018

2018-07-18T02:23:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:23, 18 July 2018
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	{{L\|Uranium processing}}消耗10个{{Translation\|Uranium ore}}并有0.7%的几率产生1个{{L\|Uranium-235}}，或者有99.3%的几率产生1个{{L\|Uranium-238}}，从而可以[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/二项分布预估]（不能保证）每143次提炼可以产生1单位的{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}（或者说{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}与{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}产量之比大约是1:142），这也是游戏里目前唯一的基于概率生产的配方。		{{L\|Uranium processing}}消耗10个{{Translation\|Uranium ore}}并有0.7%的几率产生1个{{L\|Uranium-235}}，或者有99.3%的几率产生1个{{L\|Uranium-238}}，从而可以[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/二项分布预估]（不能保证）每143次提炼可以产生1单位的{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}（或者说{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}与{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}产量之比大约是1:142），这也是游戏里目前唯一的基于概率生产的配方。

	Uranium-235 ~~is necessary to create [[~~Uranium fuel cell~~]]s and [[~~Atomic bomb~~]]s, in considerable quantities for the latter, but the probability distribution of uranium processing leads to it being produced slowly and creating large stockpiles of U~~-238 ~~as a byproduct. The~~ Kovarex process ~~thus provides the player with a considerably faster (and deterministic) method of producing U~~-235~~, as well as a use for the surplus U~~-238.		{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}是制造{{L\|Uranium fuel cell}}以及{{L\|Atomic bomb}}的必备原料，尤其后者需要大量的{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}来制造。由于概率的设定，{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}的生产极其缓慢，并且会产生大量的{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}作为副产品，而{{Translation\|Kovarex enrichment process}}则允许玩家更多（也更稳定）地生产{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}，同时也会消耗多余的{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}。

	~~It should be noted that U~~-238 ~~is not useless; it is necessary (and sufficient) to manufacture [[~~Uranium rounds magazine~~]]s, [[~~Uranium cannon shell~~]]s, and [[~~Explosive uranium cannon shell~~]]s, and is required as a secondary ingredient in~~ Uranium fuel ~~cells. Therefore, it is not advisable to use the Kovarex process to convert ''all'' stockpiled U~~-238 ~~into U~~-235~~. (Although, in case of shortage, [[~~Used up uranium fuel cell~~]]s can be [[~~Nuclear fuel reprocessing\|~~reprocessed]] into a modest amount of U~~-238.)		不过也要注意{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}并不是没有用的，它可以用于制造{{L\|Uranium rounds magazine}}，{{L\|Uranium cannon shell}}以及{{L\|Explosive uranium cannon shell}}，同样在生产{{Translation\|Uranium fuel cell}}时它也是作为第二原料的。因此，不建议把所有的{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}存货都转为{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}。（尽管在缺货时可以将{{L\|Used up uranium fuel cell}}通过{{L\|Nuclear fuel reprocessing}}转为{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}。）

	== ~~Requirements for initiation (~~Uranium processing) ==		== 启动条件（{{Translation\|Uranium processing}}） ==
	~~Unlike all other crafting processes in the game,~~ Uranium processing ~~creates U~~-235 ~~and U~~-238 ~~based on probability, rather than in guaranteed deterministic amounts. Additionally, the~~ Kovarex process ~~requires a bulk stockpile of 40 units of the rare~~ Uranium-235 ~~isotope to initiate in a single centrifuge. Therefore, planning uranium mining and processing for the Kovarex process takes certain considerations not encountered elsewhere in the game.~~		和其他的制造过程不一样的是，{{Translation\|Uranium processing}}是基于概率生产{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}和{{Translation\|Uranium-238}}而非确定量生产的。此外，{{Translation\|Kovarex enrichment process}}需要在单个{{Translation\|Centrifuge}}放入整整40单位的{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}才可以启动。因此对于铀矿采集以及增殖的工作必须要有一定的计划，这种问题在游戏的别处是遇不到的。

	=== ~~Expected value~~ ===		=== 预期值 ===
	~~As U~~-235 ~~is created in centrifuges running Uranium processing with~~ ''p = 0.007''~~, the expected number of processing cycles to gain a single unit is~~ ''E(1,p) = 1 ÷ p = ~143''~~. The expected number of cycles to gain 40 units is then~~ ''E(40,p) = 40 × E(1,p)'' = '''~~~5,714 cycles~~'''~~. Note that running this many cycles requires mining 57,140~~ Uranium ore~~, a non-trivial task.~~		在{{Translation\|Uranium processing}}过程中{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}是以''p = 0.007''概率生产的，能够得到1个单位{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}的预期生产次数为''E(1,p) = 1 ÷ p = ~143''，那么得到40单位的预期生产次数为''E(40,p) = 40 × E(1,p)'' = '''~5714次生产'''。值得注意的是，这么多次生产需要开采57140块{{Translation\|Uranium ore}}，这可不是什么小工作量。

	However, given the nature of probability, it is impossible to guarantee that 40 units will be reached in this number of cycles; as a matter of fact, some mathematics yields that the probability that 5,714 cycles will produce ''~~at least~~'' ~~40 units of U~~-235 ~~is only about 52~~%.		然而，由于概率的本质，要保证在这么多生产次数里得到40单位的{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}是不可能的，实际上，一些数学计算得出在5714次生产里就能得到''至少''40单位{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}的概率大约为52%。

	=== ~~Confidence levels~~ ===		=== 置信水平 ===
	[[File:Kovarex-prob-chart.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|~~Probability of reaching 40 U~~-235 ~~from~~ Uranium processing ~~by number of cycles (click to enlarge)~~]]		[[File:Kovarex-prob-chart.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|得到40单位{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}所需{{Translation\|Uranium processing}}次数与成功几率的曲线图（点击放大）]]
			通过进一步计算可以算出在给定的置信水平（达到设定目标的概率）之下要获取''至少''40单位的{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}所需的{{Translation\|Uranium processing}}次数。

	~~Some further mathematics enables one to calculate the number of~~ Uranium ~~processing cycles one must run to obtain ''at least'' 40 units of U~~-235 ~~(given ''p = 0.007'') with a given level of confidence (probability of achieving the set goal).~~		如同前一节中所讨论，5714次生产（40单位{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}的预期值）对应的置信水平为52%（或者说，在这么多生产次数之内得到40单位的{{Translation\|Uranium-235}}，每尝试两次有大概一次会失败）。

	As discussed in the previous section, the level of confidence corresponding to 5,714 cycles (for which the ''expected value'' of U-235 gained is 40) happens to be about 52% (or, in other words, with this number of cycles, one can expect to fail to reach 40 U-235 a bit less than once out of every 2 tries).		下面是玩家可能感兴趣的置信水平表，对于其他的数值请参见右侧曲线图。

	~~Some further example confidence levels that may be of interest to players are given in the table below. Consult the chart to the right for custom values.~~

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	!style="width: 120px;" \|~~Confidence level~~		!style="width: 120px;" \| 置信水平
	!style="width: 100px;" \|~~Failures~~		!style="width: 100px;" \| 失败几率
	!~~Cycles required~~		! 生产次数
	\|-		\|-
	\| 10% \|\| ~~9 out of 10~~ \|\| ~~4,595~~		\| 10% \|\| 10次里有9次 \|\| 4595
	\|-		\|-
	\| 50% \|\| ~~1 out of 2~~ \|\| ~~5,667~~		\| 50% \|\| 2次里有1次 \|\| 5667
	\|-		\|-
	\| 90% \|\| ~~1 out of 10~~ \|\| ~~6,894~~		\| 90% \|\| 10次里有1次 \|\| 6894
	\|-		\|-
	\| 95% \|\| ~~1 out of 20~~ \|\| ~~7,272~~		\| 95% \|\| 20次里有1次 \|\| 7272
	\|-		\|-
	\| 99% \|\| ~~1 out of 100~~ \|\| ~~8,015~~		\| 99% \|\| 100次里有1次 \|\| 8015
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

	== ~~Trivia~~ ==		== 你知道吗 ==
	* ~~The~~ Kovarex enrichment process ~~is named after~~ [[development-team\|Michal Kovařík]], ~~lead designer of Factorio and co-owner of Wube, whose online nick is~~ ''kovarex'' ~~(which he usually spells lowercase).~~ [https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/67bj3p/015_kovarex_uranium_enrichment_is_too_good_with/dgq2ij3/?context=1]		* 现实中并不存在{{Translation\|Kovarex enrichment process}}技术，其英文原文 Kovarex enrichment process 的命名来自与 [[development-team\|Michal Kovařík]]（英文）, 他是Wube公司的联合创始人，也是游戏的首席设计师，网名为''kovarex''。[https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/67bj3p/015_kovarex_uranium_enrichment_is_too_good_with/dgq2ij3/?context=1]（英文）
	* ~~In the real world, [~~[:~~Wikipedia:Uranium~~-235~~\|Uranium~~-235]~~] is the only fissile isotope of uranium and makes up approximately 0~~.72% ~~of naturally-occurring uranium, with the other 99~~.28% ~~being [~~[:~~Wikipedia:Uranium~~-238~~\|Uranium~~-238]]. ~~The in-game representation is thus highly accurate in this regard~~. ~~Uranium is commonly [[:Wikipedia:Enriched_uranium\|enriched~~]~~] in centrifuges to increase the percentage of 235U for use in fission reactions.~~		* 现实世界中，[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-235 铀-235]是唯一可裂变的核元素，在天然铀中的丰度只有0.72%，另外的99.28%都是[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铀-238 铀-238]，游戏中的设计高度还原了这一点。铀通常使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/浓缩铀浓缩铀]技术来提高铀-235的浓度。
	* ~~Uranium munitions are made from [~~[:Wikipedia:depleted uranium\|depleted uranium]], a byproduct of uranium enrichment, which is mostly 238U whose natural admixture of the 235U isotope has been lowered even further through the enrichment process. ~~Depleted uranium is minimally radioactive and the reason for its use in munitions is its very high density and other mechanical properties, not radioactivity~~ / ~~toxicity.~~		* 贫铀弹药是使用[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/贫铀贫铀]制成的，贫铀是铀浓缩的一种副产物，其成分大部分是铀-238，其中天然混杂的铀-235在浓缩过程中被进一步的去除。贫铀有着非常小的辐射量，被用于武器的主要原因是因为它具有超高的密度以及其他的机械特性，而非看中其辐射性和毒性。

	== 请参见 ==		== 请参见 ==

Kurax: WIP

2018-07-17T15:11:28Z

WIP

New page

{{Languages}}{{:Infobox:Kovarex enrichment process}}
'''{{Translation|Kovarex enrichment process}}'''是在{{L|Centrifuge}}中对铀同位素再处理的一种方法。尽管这个过程需要大量的（非常稀有的）{{Translation|Uranium-235}}才能开始，但不能阻止其成为充分利用{{L|Uranium ore}}的一个好方法。

== 目的 ==
{{L|Uranium processing}}消耗10个{{Translation|Uranium ore}}并有0.7%的几率产生1个{{L|Uranium-235}}，或者有99.3%的几率产生1个{{L|Uranium-238}}，从而可以[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/二项分布预估]（不能保证）每143次提炼可以产生1单位的{{Translation|Uranium-235}}（或者说{{Translation|Uranium-235}}与{{Translation|Uranium-238}}产量之比大约是1:142），这也是游戏里目前唯一的基于概率生产的配方。

Uranium-235 is necessary to create [[Uranium fuel cell]]s and [[Atomic bomb]]s, in considerable quantities for the latter, but the probability distribution of uranium processing leads to it being produced slowly and creating large stockpiles of U-238 as a byproduct. The Kovarex process thus provides the player with a considerably faster (and deterministic) method of producing U-235, as well as a use for the surplus U-238.

It should be noted that U-238 is not useless; it is necessary (and sufficient) to manufacture [[Uranium rounds magazine]]s, [[Uranium cannon shell]]s, and [[Explosive uranium cannon shell]]s, and is required as a secondary ingredient in Uranium fuel cells. Therefore, it is not advisable to use the Kovarex process to convert ''all'' stockpiled U-238 into U-235. (Although, in case of shortage, [[Used up uranium fuel cell]]s can be [[Nuclear fuel reprocessing|reprocessed]] into a modest amount of U-238.)

== Requirements for initiation (Uranium processing) ==
Unlike all other crafting processes in the game, Uranium processing creates U-235 and U-238 based on probability, rather than in guaranteed deterministic amounts. Additionally, the Kovarex process requires a bulk stockpile of 40 units of the rare Uranium-235 isotope to initiate in a single centrifuge. Therefore, planning uranium mining and processing for the Kovarex process takes certain considerations not encountered elsewhere in the game.

=== Expected value ===
As U-235 is created in centrifuges running Uranium processing with ''p = 0.007'', the expected number of processing cycles to gain a single unit is ''E(1,p) = 1 ÷ p = ~143''. The expected number of cycles to gain 40 units is then ''E(40,p) = 40 × E(1,p)'' = '''~5,714 cycles'''. Note that running this many cycles requires mining 57,140 Uranium ore, a non-trivial task.

However, given the nature of probability, it is impossible to guarantee that 40 units will be reached in this number of cycles; as a matter of fact, some mathematics yields that the probability that 5,714 cycles will produce ''at least'' 40 units of U-235 is only about 52%.

=== Confidence levels ===
[[File:Kovarex-prob-chart.png|300px|thumb|right|Probability of reaching 40 U-235 from Uranium processing by number of cycles (click to enlarge)]]

Some further mathematics enables one to calculate the number of Uranium processing cycles one must run to obtain ''at least'' 40 units of U-235 (given ''p = 0.007'') with a given level of confidence (probability of achieving the set goal).

As discussed in the previous section, the level of confidence corresponding to 5,714 cycles (for which the ''expected value'' of U-235 gained is 40) happens to be about 52% (or, in other words, with this number of cycles, one can expect to fail to reach 40 U-235 a bit less than once out of every 2 tries).

Some further example confidence levels that may be of interest to players are given in the table below. Consult the chart to the right for custom values.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!style="width: 120px;" |Confidence level
!style="width: 100px;" |Failures
!Cycles required
|-
| 10% || 9 out of 10 || 4,595
|-
| 50% || 1 out of 2 || 5,667
|-
| 90% || 1 out of 10 || 6,894
|-
| 95% || 1 out of 20 || 7,272
|-
| 99% || 1 out of 100 || 8,015
|-
|}

== Trivia ==
* The Kovarex enrichment process is named after [[development-team|Michal Kovařík]], lead designer of Factorio and co-owner of Wube, whose online nick is ''kovarex'' (which he usually spells lowercase). [https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/67bj3p/015_kovarex_uranium_enrichment_is_too_good_with/dgq2ij3/?context=1]
* In the real world, [[:Wikipedia:Uranium-235|Uranium-235]] is the only fissile isotope of uranium and makes up approximately 0.72% of naturally-occurring uranium, with the other 99.28% being [[:Wikipedia:Uranium-238|Uranium-238]]. The in-game representation is thus highly accurate in this regard. Uranium is commonly [[:Wikipedia:Enriched_uranium|enriched]] in centrifuges to increase the percentage of 235U for use in fission reactions.
* Uranium munitions are made from [[:Wikipedia:depleted uranium|depleted uranium]], a byproduct of uranium enrichment, which is mostly 238U whose natural admixture of the 235U isotope has been lowered even further through the enrichment process. Depleted uranium is minimally radioactive and the reason for its use in munitions is its very high density and other mechanical properties, not radioactivity / toxicity.

== 请参见 ==
* {{L|Uranium-235}}
* {{L|Uranium processing}}

{{IntermediateNav}}
{{C|Components}}