Official Factorio Wiki - User contributions [en]

Fluid system

2026-03-14T08:58:18Z

Mr yuan: /* Limitations */

{{Languages}}
[[File:Item-group fluids.png|right]]
'''Fluids''' are non-solid items, such as [[water]] and [[oil]]. They can normally only exist inside entities for fluid handling (like [[pipe]]s), and buildings that have fluids as input ingredients or products (like an [[oil refinery]]).

== Fluids ==
The following fluids are available in-game:
[[File:fluids_gui.png|thumb|350px|right|"Fluids" tab on the [[production statistics]] screen.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Fluid !! Resource distribution !! Extractor !! Alternative recipes !! Producer
|-
| {{iconLink|Water}} || {{icon|Nauvis}}{{icon|Gleba|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || {{icon|Ice melting|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Steam condensation|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Steam}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Acid neutralisation|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Boiler}}{{icon|Heat exchanger}}{{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Crude oil}} || {{icon|Nauvis}}{{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || N/A || N/A
|-
| {{iconLink|Petroleum gas}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Basic oil processing}}{{icon|Advanced oil processing}}{{icon|Light oil cracking}}{{icon|Coal liquefaction}} || {{icon|Oil refinery}}{{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Biochamber|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Light oil}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Advanced oil processing}}{{icon|Heavy oil cracking}}{{icon|Coal liquefaction}} || {{Icon|Oil refinery}}{{Icon|Chemical plant}}{{Icon|Biochamber|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Heavy oil}} || {{icon|Fulgora|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || {{icon|Advanced oil processing}}{{icon|Coal liquefaction}}{{icon|Simple coal liquefaction|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Oil refinery}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Lubricant}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Lubricant}}{{Icon|Biolubricant|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}{{Icon|Biochamber|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Sulfuric acid}} || {{icon|Vulcanus|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || {{icon|Sulfuric acid}} || {{icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Thruster fuel|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Thruster fuel|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Advanced thruster fuel|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Thruster oxidizer|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Thruster oxidizer|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Advanced thruster oxidizer|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Lava|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Vulcanus|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || N/A || N/A
|-
| {{iconLink|Molten iron|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Molten iron|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Molten iron from lava|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Foundry|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Molten copper|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Molten copper|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Molten copper from lava|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Foundry|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Holmium solution|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Holmium solution|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Electrolyte|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Electrolyte|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Electromagnetic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Ammoniacal solution|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || N/A || N/A
|-
| {{iconLink|Ammonia|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Ammoniacal solution separation|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Lithium brine|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || N/A || N/A
|-
| {{iconLink|Fluorine|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || N/A || N/A
|-
| {{iconLink|Fluoroketone (hot)|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Fluoroketone (hot)|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Fluoroketone (cold)|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Cooling hot fluoroketone||Fluoroketone (cold)|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Plasma|space-age=yes}} || N/A || N/A || {{icon|Plasma|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Fusion reactor|space-age=yes}}
|-
|}

== Mechanics ==
Fluids cannot be carried by the player, moved using [[inserters]], dropped on the ground, nor stored in chests, unless the fluids are stored in [[barrel]]s. They cannot be spilled or even dumped in a lake, and are counted in continuous fractions, rather than discrete integers.<br>
When the player picks up a structure that contains fluids, the contained fluid will try to flow into connected structures and any excess fluid that does not fit is destroyed.
[[File:Pipe_GUI.png|right|thumb|350px|GUI of a pipe inside a fluid system containing water. Clicking the trash can icon next to a fluid will flush that fluid from the system.]]

=== Storage ===
In the game, fluid is held in entities that behave as vessels (fluid boxes) of a defined size (volume). The vessels automatically connect to each other if their inputs/outputs are adjacent (pipes connect to all directions) and allow fluids to flow between them.

The '''volume''' of fluid contained in a fluid box is a value between 0 and the maximum volume. For instance, the pipe can hold 100 units of fluid, therefore the value in the pipe can be a number between 0 and 100. The '''level''' of fluid in a given entity is manifested by a percentage of the entity's maximum volume that is being occupied by a fluid. It can be observed in pipes and tanks; they have windows through which the fluid is seen at a certain level, or perhaps even as just a small trickle.

=== Fluid mixing ===
The game will prevent players from accidentally mixing fluids when placing most buildings, e.g. [[pipe]]s containing different fluids cannot be placed directly next to each other. However, not every possible case of fluid mixing is considered, so the player may still mix fluids accidentally or by purposely working around the building restrictions. A fluid segment can only contain a single fluid type, so trying to mix multiple fluids will result in all but one fluid being deleted.

=== Flow ===
All connected tanks and pipes are treated as a single vessel in that ''the level of fluid must be equal in all parts'', to even out pressure exacted by a higher fluid level on smaller ones. This is why level is also often referred to as ''pressure'', even though pressure is actually caused by a difference in level between two entities. All flow of fluid that happens between pipes is to achieve this balance (pumps practically ignore it and buildings disrupt it; more on that further below). The flow rate between pipes is dependent on pressure (the difference in level between the adjacent entities), it becomes slower as pipes even their levels out.

Coming back to how the 'level' is defined, this also means that all connected pipes and tanks attempt to even out to the same percentage of their respective volumes. For example, if 12,550 units of fluid are left to flow into a storage tank of 25,000-unit capacity with one pipe of 100-unit capacity connected, there will be 12,500 units in the storage tank and 50 units in the pipe, both being filled to the same '''percentage''' (50%) of their capacities, even though the amounts themselves are unequal.

Machines that produce fluids put them in their output slots, which are related to a specifically labeled output pipe socket somewhere on the machine (pressing {{Keybinding|Alt}} reveals the labels). The slot will attempt to empty itself into the entity connected to the machine's socket, unless it is full, or contains a non-matching fluid. Machines that consume fluids also have an accordingly labeled pipe input socket. If an entity containing the correct fluid is connected to it, the machine will start behaving like a pipe that can never be filled, meaning the fluid from connected pipes and tanks drains into the machine at a fixed rate, until the machine's input slot is full. There may be machines that have pipe sockets for both input and output (like a [[electric mining drill|drill]] placed over [[uranium ore]]). They then drain the fluid for themselves first, and once full, behave as a regular pipe that attempts to even out its level with adjacent entitites. If there are multiple output/input sockets for one fluid on a machine, their activity is distributed to them equally unless some of them are blocked/full.

=== Temperature ===
Temperature is currently only relevant in heating water as a medium for power generation. Even though all fluids in the game have a temperature value, it is generally the default 15°C.

Energy, whether harnessed from [[fuel]] in [[boiler]]s, or from [[Nuclear power (research)|nuclear power]] through [[heat exchanger]]s, can be used to turn [[water]] to [[steam]], being a [[Energy and work|liquid form of work]]. Steam holds energy at a ratio of 0.2 kJ per °C per unit. In other words: 0.2 kJ of work is necessary to heat a unit of steam by one °C. Since steam/water is set to have a maximum temperature of 1000°C and minimum of 15°C, the most work that can be done on one unit is 197 kJ.

In practice, this is barely utilized in a great variety: Boilers only output steam of 165°C temperature, and heat exchangers only output 500°C hot steam, never hotter, never colder; if insufficient energy is supplied, the heaters do not output steam altogether. The steam also does not grow colder over time. Using the 165°C steam in a [[steam engine]] has the same effect as using it in a [[steam turbine]], although it is impractical, since turbines are made to consume 500°C (superheated) steam, generating proportionally more power. All of this makes for no need of exact calculations.

== Limitations ==

The fluid within a single pipeline segment has no limit on its flow within that segment. However, the inputs to and outputs from these segments have limitations.

Each unique input and output connection has a theoretical maximum throughput limit of 6000 fluid per second (100 fluid per tick). In practice, this limit is usually around 4200 fluid per second. This limitation is assessed per input or output, not per machine. If a machine has two outputs for the same fluid, then its practical limit is 8.4k fluid per second if both outputs are used.

Furthermore, flow into and out of a segment is restricted based on how much fluid is in that segment. If the segment is mostly empty, then flow into that segment happens more quickly than if the segment is mostly full. Similarly, if the segment is mostly full, flow out of the segment happens more quickly than if the segment is mostly empty.

=== Specific recipes ===

Some recipes use or generate a lot of fluid per second. Through a combination of [[module]]s, [[beacon]]s, and/or [[quality]]{{SA}}, some machines executing certain recipes can consume or generate more fluid than it is practically possible to feed into or remove from the inputs and outputs.

Recipes where a player is likely to encounter this limitation include:

* [[Acid neutralisation]]{{SA}}: A [[chemical plant]] with an effective crafting speed of 4.2 will reach the practical limits of the system when using both outputs. A [[cryogenic plant]]{{SA}} needs an effective crafting speed of 6.3, due to having more fluid outputs. Note that, because the cryogenic plant starts with a crafting speed of 2, it takes ''fewer'' modules or beacons to reach the maximum.
* [[Steam condensation]]{{SA}}: A [[chemical plant]] with an effective crafting speed of 8.4 will reach the practical limits of the system when using both inputs. A [[cryogenic plant]]{{SA}} needs an effective crafting speed of 12.6 to reach the limits due to having more fluid inputs.
* Advanced thruster [[Advanced thruster fuel|fuel]]{{SA}} and [[Advanced thruster oxidizer|oxidizer]]{{SA}}. With a maximum productivity of 75%, they will be limited at an effective crafting speed of 32.
* Molten [[molten iron from lava|iron]]{{SA}} or [[molten copper from lava|copper]]{{SA}} from lava. As these recipes can use [[productivity]], they can be input or output limited based on how much productivity is at play. If the total productivity is less than 100%, then they are limited by [[lava]] being fed into them them. A [[foundry]]{{SA}} must have an effective crafting speed of 268 to be input limited. If the foundry has its maximum productivity of 150%, then it will be output limited with an effective crafting speed of 215. These may sound like a lot, but the foundry has a base crafting speed of 4.
* The ore-based [[molten iron]]{{SA}} and [[molten copper]]{{SA}} recipes are always output limited. With no additional productivity besides its base 50%, it will be limited at a crafting speed of 358. With its maximum productivity of 150%, it will be output limited with a crafting speed of 240.

== Transport ==
[[File:pipes_carrying_fluids.png|thumb|right|350px|Eight pipelines, each carrying a different fluid.]]
[[File:Overlength_pipe.gif|frame|right|When a pipe section exceeds max length, the overlay will give a warning by turning red.]]
Fluids can be transported through pipelines, barrels, or railway. It is generally practical to use piping for short-distance distribution to machines (or barrelling, if there is need to use belts), and railway transportation for longer distances.

=== Pipelines ===
'''[[Pipe|Pipes]]''' are the most basic way to channel fluids from A to B. They automatically connect to any adjacent pipe and can do so to all four cardinal directions simultaneously. [[Pipe to ground|Underground pipes]] only work in two opposite directions, linking to another underground pipe on one side, and to another entity on the other. If a pipe section becomes too long without using pumps (spreading outside a 320×320 tiles or 10×10 chunk area), fluid will not flow until the pipeline is broken up by a pump. '''[[Storage tank|Tanks]]''' behave the same as pipes, except their volume is much greater.

'''[[Pump]]s''' use electrical power to transfer fluids in one direction. They also block any back-flow, which means they can pressurize a section of piping, filling it as much as possible. They can also be disabled using the [[circuit network]] which stops fluid flow through the pump.

A continuous pipeline (meaning one that is not split by pumps) will transfer fluid instantly, with no flow restriction, irrespective of the distance, as long as the pipeline is not too long (as defined above).

=== Barrels ===
'''[[Barrel]]s''' are used by [[Assembling machine]]s to effectively "bottle" fluids into an item that can be handled like any other item; carried in an inventory, placed in chests and handled by [[Inserters]]. This allows the player to transport fluids via the [[belt transport system]] and the [[logistic network]] (as well as the [[railway]], although fluid wagons are also an option on rails). Assembling machines are also used to empty the barrels, depositing their contents to pipes and leaving an empty barrel for another use.

Barrels can't be used to transport [[steam]] or any fluids introduced in the [[Space Age]]{{SA}} expansion (with the exception of [[fluoroketone (hot)]]{{SA}} and [[fluoroketone (cold)]]{{SA}}).

=== Railway ===
'''[[Railway]]''' is another method of transporting fluids, and can be conducted in two ways: Either the fluids are directly pumped into a [[fluid wagon]], or they are poured into barrels and loaded into [[cargo wagon]]s. Both methods have their advantages:

'''Advantages of using fluid wagons'''
* Higher capacity (50k vs 20k)

'''Advantages of using barrels in cargo wagons'''
* A single cargo wagon can transport multiple types of barrelled fluid (and regular items at the same time)
* Cargo wagons, [[Fluid wagon#Troubleshooting|as opposed to fluid wagons]], don't need to be perfectly aligned to be (un-)loaded, allowing for more flexible train station designs

== See also ==
* [[Oil processing]]
* [[Power production]]

{{C|Logistics{{!}}#Fluid system}}
{{C|Energy and fluid distribution{{!}}#Fluid system}}

Fluid system/zh

2026-03-14T08:56:34Z

Mr yuan: 15个传奇插件塔插两个传奇速度3。以及一个用于降速的传奇插件塔插1个普通速度2，此时制造速度为240

{{Languages}}{{Translation verification|revisionID=217237}}
[[File:Item-group fluids.png|right]]
'''流体'''是一类非固态物品，例如，水和油都是流体。它们通常只能在用于流体运输的实体（如{{L|Pipe}}）和使用/生产流体的建筑（如{{L|Oil refinery}}）中存在。

== 流体 ==
下表列出了游戏中可用的流体：
[[File:fluids_gui.png|thumb|350px|right|{{L|Production statistics}}界面中的“流体”标签页。]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 名称 !! 资源分布 !! 开采设施 !! 生产配方 !! 生产设施
|-
| {{iconLink|Water}} || {{icon|Nauvis}}{{icon|Gleba|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || {{icon|Ice melting|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Steam condensation|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Steam}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Acid neutralisation|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Boiler}}{{icon|Heat exchanger}}{{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Crude oil}} || {{icon|Nauvis}}{{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || 无 || 无
|-
| {{iconLink|Petroleum gas}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Basic oil processing}}{{icon|Advanced oil processing}}{{icon|Light oil cracking}}{{icon|Coal liquefaction}} || {{icon|Oil refinery}}{{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Biochamber|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Light oil}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Advanced oil processing}}{{icon|Heavy oil cracking}}{{icon|Coal liquefaction}} || {{Icon|Oil refinery}}{{Icon|Chemical plant}}{{Icon|Biochamber|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Heavy oil}} || {{icon|Fulgora|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || {{icon|Advanced oil processing}}{{icon|Coal liquefaction}}{{icon|Simple coal liquefaction|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Oil refinery}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Lubricant}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Lubricant}}{{Icon|Biolubricant|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}{{Icon|Biochamber|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Sulfuric acid}} || {{icon|Vulcanus|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || {{icon|Sulfuric acid}} || {{icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Thruster fuel|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Thruster fuel|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Advanced thruster fuel|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Thruster oxidizer|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Thruster oxidizer|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Advanced thruster oxidizer|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Lava|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Vulcanus|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || 无 || 无
|-
| {{iconLink|Molten iron|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Molten iron|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Molten iron from lava|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Foundry|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Molten copper|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Molten copper|space-age=yes}}{{icon|Molten copper from lava|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Foundry|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Holmium solution|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Holmium solution|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Chemical plant}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Electrolyte|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Electrolyte|space-age=yes}} || {{Icon|Electromagnetic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Ammoniacal solution|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Offshore pump}} || 无 || 无
|-
| {{iconLink|Ammonia|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Ammoniacal solution separation|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Chemical plant}}{{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Lithium brine|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || 无 || 无
|-
| {{iconLink|Fluorine|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Aquilo|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Pumpjack}} || 无 || 无
|-
| {{iconLink|Fluoroketone (hot)|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Fluoroketone (hot)|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Fluoroketone (cold)|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Cooling hot fluoroketone||Fluoroketone (cold)/zh|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Cryogenic plant|space-age=yes}}
|-
| {{iconLink|Plasma|space-age=yes}} || 无 || 无 || {{icon|Plasma|space-age=yes}} || {{icon|Fusion reactor|space-age=yes}}
|-
|}

== 机制 ==
流体不能由玩家携带，不能被{{L|Inserters}}移动，不会掉落在地上，也不能储存在箱子中，除非预先灌入{{L|Barrel}}里；它们不能被泼出或倾倒在水域中。流体使用连续的分数而不是离散的整数进行计数。

当玩家收起（或者说“开采”）包含了流体的建筑时，其中的流体将尝试流入与之相连接的建筑，任何无处容纳的过量流体将被销毁。

[[File:Pipe_GUI.png|right|thumb|350px|管道的界面，点击右下角的红色垃圾桶图标可以销毁管道内的流体。]]

=== 储存 ===
在游戏中，流体储存在指定尺寸（容积）的容器实体中。如果它们的输入/输出端口相邻（管道可以连接四个方向），容器间会自动连接，并允许流体在其间流动。

容器中流体的'''体积'''是一个介于0和最大容积之间的值。例如，管道可以容纳100单位流体，因此其中流体的体积可以是0到100之间的任意数字。对于特定实体，流体占用其容积的百分比以'''液位'''表示，这可以在管道和储液罐中观察；这些设施具有窗口，可以看到其中流体的液面处于一定的位置上，或者只有一点残液。

=== 混合 ===
大多数情况下，游戏会防止玩家在放置建筑时造成流体混合，例如，包含不同流体的{{L|Pipe}}不能直接相邻放置。然而，由于游戏系统的复杂性，并不是所有可能导致流体混合的情况都被考虑在内，因此玩家仍然可能意外混合流体，或故意绕开游戏限制。每一段相互连接的流体系统只能容纳一种类型的流体，因此尝试混合多种流体将导致除一种流体之外的其它流体被销毁。

=== 流动 ===
所有相互连接的储液罐和管道会被视为一个单一容器，因此其中各部分的液位必然趋于相等，以平衡高液位部分对低液位部分的压力（参照现实中的连通器原理），这就是液位也经常被称为压力的原因，尽管这压力实际上是由两个实体之间的液位差引起的。所有在管道间发生的流动都是为了达到液位平衡（管道泵实际上忽略了液位差，而建筑会扰乱液位平衡；下文会进一步说明）。管道间的流体流速取决于压力（即相邻实体之间的液位差），它会随着管道间液位的逐渐平衡而减慢。

回到“液位”的定义，流体的流动也意味着所有相互连接的管道和储液罐中的流体都会试图占据相同百分比的容积。例如，当12550单位的流体通过一节容量为100单位的管道流入一座容量为25000单位的储液罐，则液罐中会有12500单位的流体，管道中有50单位，它们都被填充到各自容量的相同的'''百分比'''（50%），尽管流体数量本身显然并不相等。

生产流体的机器会将流体产品置于输出槽，并连接到机器上某个指定的输出端口（可按下{{keybinding|alt}}显示端口标签）。输出槽会尝试清空其中的流体，将其排放到与输出端口连接的实体中，除非这些实体已满或包含类型不匹配的流体。消耗流体的机器也有相应的输入端口，如果它与包含正确类型流体的实体（管道和储液罐）相连，则机器会类似于一个永远无法填满的管道，这意味着来自输入端的流体会以固定的速率流入机器，直到机器的输入槽填满为止。部分机器同时具有输入和输出端口（例如在{{L|Uranium ore}}上放置的{{L|Electric mining drill}}），它们优先自行消耗流体，当机器内的流体满载后，它们就会像普通管道一样试图与相邻实体平衡液位。如果机器上有超过一个用于同一种流体的输出/输入端口，则流体会在端口间均匀流动，除非部分端口阻塞或满载。

=== 温度 ===
温度目前仅与加热作为发电介质的水有关。尽管游戏中的所有流体都有温度值，但通常默认为15℃。

无论是从{{L|Boiler}}中的{{L|Fuel}}还是通过{{L|Heat exchanger}}从[[Nuclear power (research)/zh|核能]]中获得的能量，都可用来将{{L|Water}}转化成{{L|Steam}}，即流体形式的[[Energy and Work/zh|功]]。蒸汽的能量密度为0.2千焦/℃，换言之：加热1单位蒸汽使其温度升高1℃需要0.2千焦的能量。因为蒸汽/水的温度设定为最高1000℃，最低15℃，因而对每单位蒸汽可做的最大功为197千焦。

然而在游戏中，上述特性基本上没有实际用处：锅炉只输出165℃的蒸汽，换热器只输出500℃的热蒸汽，不会更热或更冷；如果供应的能量不足，上述设施根本不会输出蒸汽。蒸汽也不会随着时间推移变冷。165℃的蒸汽在{{L|Steam engine}}和{{L|Steam turbine}}中的使用效果是相同的，尽管实际上不会这样做，因为汽轮机被设定为消耗500℃（过热）的蒸汽，可以按比例生产更多的电力。所有这些都不需要精确的计算。

== 限制 ==
单段管线内的流体在管线内部的流动没有限制。然而，不同管线段之间的输入和输出是有限制的。

每个独立的流体输入/输出端都有一个理论吞吐量上限，为每秒6000单位流体（或每刻100单位流体），而实际生产中的上限通常为每秒4200单位流体。此上限基于每个输入/输出端单独评估，而非将机器作为一个整体进行评估。例如：如果一台机器有两个相同的流体输出端口，则当两个端口都启用时，整台机器的实际输出上限为每秒8400单位流体。

此外，流体流入/流出一段管线的速度取决于这段管线中流体的量。管线中存储的流体量越少，流体流入的速度越快。类似地，管线中存储的流体量越多，流体流出的速度越快。

=== 特殊配方 ===
某些生产配方每秒内使用或产出的流体量非常大。通过配合使用{{L|Module}}、{{L|Beacon}}，以及{{L|Quality}}系统{{SA}}的影响，某些执行特定配方的机器可能消耗/产出超过实际输入/输出上限数量的流体。

玩家可能遇到的超出流动上限的配方包括：
* {{L|Acid neutralisation}}{{SA}}：一座有效制造速度为4.2的{{L|Chemical plant}}在使用两个输出端口时将达到系统的理论输出上限。而{{L|Cryogenic plant}}{{SA}}由于拥有更多的流体输出端口，需要有效制造速度为6.3时才会达到理论输出上限。注意：由于{{Translation|Cryogenic plant}}的初始制造速度为2，因此其达到理论上限所需的{{Translation|Module}}或{{Translation|Beacon}}数量更少。
* {{L|Steam condensation}}{{SA}}：一座有效制造速度为8.4的{{L|Chemical plant}}在使用两个输出端口时将达到系统的理论输出上限。而{{L|Cryogenic plant}}{{SA}}由于拥有更多的流体输出端口，需要有效制造速度为12.6时才会达到理论输出上限。
* {{L|Advanced thruster fuel}}{{SA}}和{{L|Advanced thruster oxidizer}}{{SA}}。在最高产能为75%的情况下，这两个配方会在有效制造速度为32时达到上限。
* {{L|Molten iron from lava}}{{SA}}和{{L|Molten copper from lava}}{{SA}}。由于这两个配方可以受到{{L|Productivity}}加成，因此它们可能在高产能状态下达到输入/输出上限。如果总产能低于100%，则它们会受到{{L|Lava}}输入速度的限制。一座{{L|Foundry}}{{SA}}需要达到268的有效制造速度才会受到原料输入速度的限制。如果{{Translation|Foundry}}达到150%的最高产能，则它需要达到215的有效制造速度才会受到产品输出速度的限制。上述的制造速度听起来可能比较夸张，但请不要忘记，{{Translation|Foundry}}的初始制造速度为4。
* 以矿石为原料的{{L|Molten iron}}{{SA}}和{{L|Molten copper}}{{SA}}生产配方仅受产品输出速度的限制。在无产能加成的情况下，其基础产能为50%，此时会在制造速度达到358时受到输出限制。当达到150%的最高产能时，则会在制造速度达到240时受到输出限制。

== 运输 ==
[[File:pipes_carrying_fluids.png|thumb|right|350px|八条包含不同种类流体的管道。]]
[[File:Overlength_pipe.gif|frame|right|当管道超过最大长度限制时，界面会给出红色的警告。]]
流体可以通过管道、桶装或铁路运输。一般情况下，在短距离内为机器供应流体会使用管道（如果需要使用传送带，则为桶装），至于长距离运输则会使用铁路。

=== 管道运输 ===
'''{{L|Pipe}}'''是在两点间输送流体的最基本方式。它们会自动连接到任何相邻的管道，且可以同时连接到四个正方向。{{L|Pipe to ground}}的两个出口的方向相反，可在一侧连接另一条地下管道，而在另一侧连接其它实体。如果管线超出限定长度（320×320格，即10×10区块）而不使用管道泵，则其内部的流体不会流动，除非在其中增设管道泵。'''{{L|Storage tank}}'''的机制与管道相同，只是它们的容积要大得多。

'''{{L|Pump}}'''使用电力在单方向上快速输送流体。它们会阻挡反向的回流，这意味着它们可以给管道的一部分加压，使其尽可能被填满。此外，它们也可以被{{L|Circuit network}}禁用，以阻止其中的流体流动。

一段连续的管道（即中间没有管道泵分隔）将即时输送流体，没有流量限制，无论距离多远，只要管道长度不超出上述限制。

=== 桶装运输 ===
'''{{L|Barrel}}'''可在{{L|Assembling machine}}中灌装流体，这使得流体可以像其它固体物品一样在背包中携带，在箱子中放置或被{{L|Inserters}}搬运。如此玩家就可以通过{{L|Belt transport system}}以及{{L|Logistic network}}（当然还有铁路，尽管也可以使用液罐车厢）运输流体。组装机也用于倾倒油桶，将桶中的流体注入管道，并留下空桶以供其它用途。

{{Translation|Barrel}}不能用于运输{{L|Steam}}和在{{L|Space Age}}{{SA}}扩展包中新加入的任意流体（除了{{L|Fluoroketone (hot)}}{{SA}}和{{L|Fluoroketone (cold)}}{{SA}}以外）。

=== 铁路运输 ===
'''{{L|Railway}}'''是另一种运输流体的方法，可以两种方式进行：将流体直接泵入{{L|Fluid wagon}}，或者将流体装桶再装入{{L|Cargo wagon}}。这两种方法各有其优势：

'''使用液罐车厢的优势'''
* 容量更高（5万 vs 2万）
* 装卸效率更高（通常仅需数秒）

'''使用货运车厢的优势'''
* 单节车厢可以混装多种桶装流体，同时也可以混装固体物品
* 与液罐车厢不同，货运车厢无需完全[[Fluid wagon/zh#故障排查|对齐]]即可进行装卸，这增加了车站设计的灵活性

== 参见 ==
* {{L|Oil processing}}
* {{L|Power production}}

{{C|Logistics/zh{{!}}#}}
{{C|Energy and fluid distribution/zh{{!}}#}}